H.W. Broer, M. Golubitsky and G. Vegter

The geometry of resonance tongues

In: Singularity Theory. (D. Cheniot, N. Dutertre, C. Murolo, D. Trotman and A. Pichon, eds.) World Scientific Publ. Co., 2007, 327-356.


Resonance tongues and tongue boundaries are studied for nondegenerate and (certain) degenerate Hopf bifurcations of maps using singularity theory methods of normal forms and universal unfoldings. We recover the standard theory of tongues (the nondegenerate case) in a straightforward way and we find certain surprises in the tongue boundary structure when degeneracies are present. For example, the tongue boundaries at degenerate singularities in weak resonance are much blunter than expected from the nondegenerate theory.