P. Chossat and M. Golubitsky

Hopf bifurcation in the presence of symmetry, center manifold and Liapunov-Schmidt reduction

In: Oscillation, Bifurcation and Chaos. (F.V. Atkinson, W.F. Langford and A.B. Mingarelli, eds.) CMS-AMS Conf. Proc. Ser. 8 AMS, Providence, 1987, 343-352.


Assume that the linear part of a vector field X is semisimple and has eigenvalues at +wi/-wi. We show that if the quadratic terms of X vanish when restricted to the center subspace, then to third order the Liapunov-Schmidt reduction for finding periodic solutions of X is already in Birkhoff normal form. Several examples of systems with symmetry that satisfy this hypothesis are discussed.