Please restrict your answers to no more than a few sentences for each question.

Lecture Notes 9, 10 and 11:
- According to the sentence processing model described in the lecture notes, what are signs, and how might they be implemented in the brain?
- According to the sentence processing model described in the lecture notes, how might words be integrated into sentences (problem set 3)?
- According to the model of memory described in the lecture notes, how might the brain consider multiple possible concepts at once, e.g. when there is uncertainty about an observed word or image (problem set 4)?
- How does the sentence processing model described in the lecture notes account for reading time delays when unpredicted words are encountered (problem set 4)?

Chapter 8:
- What is the garden path model?  In one sentence each, describe at least one piece of evidence that has been used to support it and one piece that has been used against it.
- What are constraint-based models?  In one sentence each, describe at least one piece of evidence that has been used to support them and one piece that has been used against them.
- What explanations have been proposed for observed difficulty in processing object relative clauses?

Levy 2008:
- How does ambiguity facilitate comprehension?  What conclusions has this effect been used to support, and how?
- What is the variable choice (a.k.a. race) model?  In one sentence each, describe at least one piece of evidence that has been used to support it and one piece that has been used against it.
- What is surprisal theory?  In one sentence each, describe at least one piece of evidence that has been used to support it and one piece that has been used against it.

Chapter 9:
- What is the picture word interference task?  What conclusions has it been used to support?
- What has been concluded from relative facilitation or inhibition of picture naming with phonetically related distractors?
- What has been concluded from relative facilitation or inhibition of picture naming with semantically related distractors?
- What do speech errors tell us about the order of word-ordering decisions and phonological decisions?
- What is syntactic priming?  What conclusions has it been used to support, and how?
- What is heavy NP shift?  What conclusions has it been used to support, and how?
- What is lexical bias?  What conclusions has it been used to support, and how?
- What is the cascaded production model?  In one sentence each, describe at least one piece of evidence that has been used to support it and one piece that has been used against it.
- What is the self-monitoring model?  In one sentence each, describe at least one piece of evidence that has been used to support it and one piece that has been used against it.
- Describe at least one piece of evidence that has been used to support the idea that people start planning their sentences before speaking, and one piece that has been used against it.